The findings of this investigation will provide the foundation for further studies of toxicity and mechanism. Therefore, we developed a method using HPLC that is virtually 4–5 times cheaper than LC-MS for the determination of 2,4-D in serum and studied its pharmacokinetic characteristics in healthy male and female Sprague Dawley rats. The most frequent method measuring the 2,4-D is by LC-MS, which is expensive and is not in general use in most of grass-roots units in China. However, the toxic effects of 2,4-D were rarely reported in the current literature in China. China is a great agricultural country and 2,4-D is used extensively because of its efficacy. As one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, 2,4-D continues to be one of the most studied pesticides, both in animals and in humans. The safety evaluation of pesticide is a continuous process. The rat is regarded as one of the best animals among small laboratory animals for studying the pharmaco-toxicological aspects of herbicides. According to Chinese Standard Bureau (GB) 15670 “Toxicological Test Methods of Pesticides for Registration”, rat species share many of the pharmacokinetics properties of 2,4-D with humans. There is only limited data with respect to 2,4-D pharmacokinetic properties. Some HPLC methods have been established for the determination of 2,4-D residues in vegetables, fruits and environmental samples, but only a few studies have been carried out for biological samples. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is general and popular for the analysis of drug and pesticide in biological samples. A previous study also reported that 2,4-D could induce deleterious pathological effects on the vital organs including preneoplastic changes in the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic exposure in rats is manifested by decreased body-weight gain, altered organ weights and hematological parameters and other biochemical changes.
The subchronic exposure of 2,4-D has shown toxic effects on the kidneys (increased kidney weight, histopathological lesions) and on the liver (increased liver weight, increased liver enzymes). The overuse of 2,4-D by both the farmers and the manufacturers in the tropics has greatly damaged the health of the local ecosystem because it is deleterious to both terrestrial and aquatic living organisms.
Serum 2 skin#
Ingestion, skin contact and inhalation are the three main pathways of human exposure to 2,4-D herbicides.
The widely-used herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D CAS No.94-75-7) was first synthesized in 1941. The developed method was found to be specific, precise, reproducible and rapid. After oral administration of 300 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg 2,4-D, the mean C max values were 601.9 and 218.4 mg/L, the AUC 0→∞ values were 23,722 and 4,127 mg×h/L and the clearance (Cl) were 1.10 and 0.02 L/(h×kg), respectively. The method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of 2,4-D in rats in this study. Calibration curve for 2,4-D was constructed over a range of 0.1–400 mg/L. The wavelength for UV detection was set at 230 nm. The analytes are separated in a XDB-C 18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile (solvent A) and 0.02 M ammonium acetate (containing 0.1% formic acid) (solvent B) using a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The serum samples are pretreated and introduced into the HPLC system. This allows to observe the change of serum 2,4-D concentration in rats with time and its pharmacokinetics characteristics with a simple, rapid, optimized and validated method. We describe a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection for the determination of 2,4-D in female and male rat serum. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a chlorophenoxy herbicide used worldwide.
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